[265], More than 90 percent of the government's budget comes from an agreement with Petrocaribe, a Venezuela-led oil alliance. [20] Relations with the native peoples, initially good, broke down and the settlers were later killed by the Taíno. [304][305] The National Carnival – usually held in one of the country's largest cities (i.e., Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien or Les Cayes) – follows the also very popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March. [229] Haiti is the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful slave revolution; however, a long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the nation. Vodou, a religion with West African roots similar to those of Cuba and Brazil, originated during colonial times in which slaves were obliged to disguise their loa, or spirits, as Roman Catholic saints, an element of a process called syncretism and is still practiced by some Haitians today. In 1889 the United States attempted to force Haiti to permit the building of a naval base at Môle Saint-Nicolas, which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite. In the midst of the French Revolution (1789–99), slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army, Toussaint Louverture. [223], Haiti is home to four ecoregions: Hispaniolan moist forests, Hispaniolan dry forests, Hispaniolan pine forests, and Greater Antilles mangroves. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776130', position: 'btf' }}, Hurricanes are a menace, and the country is also prone to drought, flooding and earthquakes. iasLog("criterion : cdo_dc = english"); Translation : It’s the house’s rat that eats the house Meaning : When looking for a culprit, he is often around us or near us. var mapping_houseslot_a = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([963, 0], [300, 250]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); [57] In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them. [20], Haiti also includes several offshore islands. The prison has a capacity of 1,200 detainees but as of November 2017[update] the penitentiary was obliged to keep 4,359 detainees, a 454% occupancy level. However, competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697, which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue. A notable bust in recent years[when?] Trade declined dramatically after the 2010 earthquake and subsequent outbreak of cholera, with the country's purchasing power parity GDP falling by 8% (from US$12.15 billion to US$11.18 billion). The French achieved some victories, but within a few months most of their army had died from yellow fever. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776130', position: 'btf' }}, storage: { It has auto-suggestion feature which will save you a lot of time getting any meaning. Reptiles are common, with species such as the rhinoceros iguana, Haitian boa, American crocodile and gecko.[227]. [126][128] Fearing possible foreign intervention, or the emergence of a new government led by the anti-American Haitian politician Rosalvo Bobo, President Woodrow Wilson sent U.S. Marines into Haiti in July 1915. [112] Soulouque decided to invade the new Republic before the French Government could ratify the treaty. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, "sign-in": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/signin?rid=READER_ID", [259], Families may send food to the penitentiary; however, most inmates depend on the meals served twice a day. [295] Agricultural products comprise 6% of all exports. The port of Saint-Marc is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods coming into Haiti. This was the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years. var pbMobileHrSlots = [ [346] Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, but most closely to the Antillean Creole and Louisiana Creole variants. The name Haiti (or Hayti) comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, "land of high mountains." Since 1986 Haiti has been attempting to establish a more democratic political system. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654156' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346698' }}, Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry. 'buckets': [{ Such companies include: Caribintair (defunct), Sunrise Airways and Tortug' Air (defunct). 1. a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere 2. an island in the West Indies Familiarity information: HAITI used as a noun is rare. For example, a rooster often represents Aristide and the red and blue colors of the Haitian flag often represent his Lavalas party. [132] Haitian traditionalists, based in rural areas, were highly resistant to U.S.-backed changes, while the urban elites, typically mixed-race, welcomed the growing economy, but wanted more political control. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [300, 50] }}, [20] Together they helped secure an end to the occupation in 1934, under the Presidency of Sténio Vincent (1930–41). Nineteen days later, his ship the Santa María ran aground near the present site of Cap-Haïtien. Haitian definition, of or relating to Haiti or its people. [249], Conversely, according to the 2013 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report, murder rates in Haiti (10.2 per 100,000) are far below the regional average (26 per 100,000); less than .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}1/4 that of Jamaica (39.3 per 100,000) and nearly 1/2 that of the Dominican Republic (22.1 per 100,000), making it among the safer countries in the region. [66] The colony's environment also suffered, as forests were cleared to make way for plantations and the land was overworked so as to extract maximum profit for French plantation owners. [397] The infant mortality rate in Haiti in 2013 was 55 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to a rate of 6 per 1,000 in other countries. It is one of the official languages of Haiti Act 1961. The houses have backup generators, because the electrical grid in Haiti is unreliable. [20][166][167], In December 1990 Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected President in the Haitian general election. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_dc", "english"); He was imprisoned at Fort de Joux, where he died in 1803 of exposure and possibly tuberculosis. 'increment': 0.5, [88], Fearful of the potential impact the slave rebellion could have in the slave states, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new republic. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_leftslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of the country's gross domestic product was being spent on debt repayment[110][111] and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947. googletag.pubads().setCategoryExclusion('mcp').setCategoryExclusion('resp').setCategoryExclusion('wprod'); Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here. This page was last edited on 2 February 2021, at 19:02. Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the Presidencies of Lysius Salomon (1879–88) and Florvil Hyppolite (1889–96). [176] The election had been boycotted by the opposition, then organized into the Convergence Démocratique, over a dispute in the May legislative elections. In Vodou, and especially in Haiti, Agwé (also spelt Goue, Agoueh, or Agive), is a loa who rules over the sea, fish, and aquatic plants, as well as the patron loa of fishermen and sailors. [148][149], In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with Dumarsais Estimé later becoming the new president (1946–50). [151] The waterfront area of Port-au-Prince was redeveloped to allow cruise ship passengers to walk from the docks to cultural attractions. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. [196][197] In 2011 both former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier and Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned to Haiti; attempts to try Duvalier for crimes committed under his rule were shelved following his death in 2014. [17][18] To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. [186] In 2008 Haiti was again struck by tropical storms; Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricane Gustav, Hurricane Hanna and Hurricane Ike all produced heavy winds and rain, resulting in 331 deaths and about 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. [145] Out of these six Axis countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941). window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; It is a refined music, with méringue as its basic rhythm. Millions of Haitians live abroad in the United States, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Canada (primarily Montreal), Bahamas, France, French Antilles, the Turks and Caicos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname and French Guiana. iasLog("criterion : cdo_tc = resp"); { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [120, 600] }}, Many Haitians as well as observers of the Haitian society believe that this monopolized power could have given way to a corrupt police force. var pbHdSlots = [ Haiti definition: a republic occupying the W part of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean , the E part... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, iasLog("setting page_url: - https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/haiti"); [4] Haiti ranked 145 of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations Human Development Index, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures. [citation needed] Port-au-Prince became the first Caribbean city to have a phone service with automatic dialling. [113] Pierrot's most pressing duty as the new president was to check the incursions of the Dominicans, who were harassing the Haitian troops. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [300, 600] }}, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}]; [125][126] The German influence prompted anxieties in the United States, who had also invested heavily in the country, and whose government defended their right to oppose foreign interference in the Americas under the Monroe Doctrine. For the island, see, "Hayti" redirects here. [20] After numerous postponements, partly owing to the effects of another devastating hurricane, elections were eventually held in November 2016. Locals may refer to the USD as "dollar américain" (dola ameriken) or "dollar US" (pronounced oo-es). { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '387232' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, ANASTAGIA f Haitian Creole, Italian (Archaic) Italian variant and Haitian Creole form of ANASTASIA. [100] Meanwhile the French, who had managed to maintain a precarious control of eastern Hispaniola, were defeated by insurgents led by Juan Sánchez Ramírez, with the area returning to Spanish rule in 1809 following the Battle of Palo Hincado. [222], Scientists at the Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) and the United Nations Environment Programme are working on the Haiti Regenerative Initiative an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability in Haiti through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654149' }}, iasLog("exclusion label : resp"); The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U.S. recognition for decades until they withdrew in 1861 to form the Confederacy. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446382' }}, dfpSlots['topslot_a'] = googletag.defineSlot('/23202586/cdo_topslot', [], 'ad_topslot_a').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_a).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); [146] On 27 September 1945,[147] Haiti became a founding member of the United Nations (the successor to the League of Nations, of which Haiti was also a founding member). There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haiti has always been a literary nation that has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition. [242] Similarly, after the Haitian Army folded in 1995, the Haitian National Police (HNP) gained sole power of authority on the Haitian citizens. Haiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS),[30] Association of Caribbean States,[31] and the International Francophonie Organisation. [393] HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchmidt1971 (. Within days, the Marines had taken control of the capital city and its banks and customs house. [91] In addition, the newly arrived slaves added to the city's African population. [277] In addition, local agricultural products include maize, beans, cassava, sweet potato, peanuts, pistachios, bananas, millet, pigeon peas, sugarcane, rice, sorghum, and wood. The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole. [40], In French, Haiti's nickname is the "Pearl of the Antilles" (La Perle des Antilles) because of both its natural beauty,[41] and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the Kingdom of France; during the 18th century the colony was the world's leading producer of sugar and coffee. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_c", ["science_geographic_locales"]); { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}]; dfpSlots['topslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/23202586/cdo_topslot', [[728, 90]], 'ad_topslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation. }); [244][245][246][247] In March 2004, at the time of Aristide's kidnapping, a BBC article wrote that the Bush administration State Department stated that Aristide had been involved in drug trafficking. While Y-haplogroups indicative of Chinese O-M175 (3.8%) and Indian H-M69 (0.6%) and L-M20 (0.6%) ancestry were found at significant levels in Jamaica,[329] Levantine Y-haplogroups were found in Haiti. [288][289], In rural areas, people often live in wooden huts with corrugated iron roofs. Later in the revolution, the US provided support to native Haitian military forces, with the goal of reducing French influence in North America and the Caribbean. if(!isPlusPopupShown()) [78] Under the overall command of Dessalines, the Haitian armies avoided open battle, and instead conducted a successful guerrilla campaign against the Napoleonic forces, working with diseases such as yellow fever to reduce the numbers of French soldiers. 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[130] However, many infrastructure projects were built using the corvée system that allowed the government/occupying forces to take people from their homes and farms, at gunpoint if necessary, to build roads, bridges etc. [233] The AU was reported to be planning to upgrade Haiti's status from observer to associate at its June 2013 summit[234] but the application had still not been ratified by May 2016. It is the compilers’ hope that this new dictionary will go a long way toward filling the vacuum existing in modern Creole lexicography. In an event that became known as the Parsley Massacre, he ordered his army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border. [279], As of 2017, among all the countries in the Americas, Haiti is producing the least amount of energy. Graduation of secondary school, students may continue into higher education Haitian have! A number of independent companies: Sogener, E-power, and he was succeeded by General Geffrard. 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