J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:26-30. Plasma or serum zinc levels are the most commonly used indices for evaluating zinc deficiency, but these levels do not necessarily reflect cellular zinc status due to tight homeostatic control mechanisms [8]. Zinc for the common cold. The cobalt in vitamin B12 is coordinated to five N atoms, four contributed by a tetrapyrrole (corrin); the sixth ligand is C, provided either by C5 of deoxyadenosine in enzymes such as methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (fatty acid metabolism) or by a methyl group in the enzyme that synthesizes the amino acid methionine in bacteria. Intake recommendations for zinc and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [2]. The value of methods to determine zinc deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease. [, Heyneman CA. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:442S-6S. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1516-22. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:748-65. Acute diarrhea is associated with high rates of mortality among children in developing countries [63]. Meat and seafood are rich in zinc.1, 2 The role of zinc in human health and functioning has primarily focused on dietary supplementation for the promotion of health and disease prevention. Vitamin-B12 deficiency causes the severe disease of pernicious anemia in humans, which indicates the critical role of cobalt. BMJ 2007;335:755. Additional biological reactions are unique to nonferrous transition metals. Most infants (especially those who are formula fed), children, and adults in the United States consume recommended amounts of zinc according to two national surveys, the 1988–1991 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) [22] and the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (CSFII) [23]. Taking iron supplements between meals helps decrease its effect on zinc absorption [83]. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78 (3 Suppl):633S-9S. Other zinc-finger proteins called steroid receptors bind both steroids such as progesterone and the progesterone gene DNA (Chapter 8). [, Nations SP, Boyer PJ, Love LA, Burritt MF, Butz JA, Wolfe GI, Hynan LS, Reisch J, Trivedi JR. Denture cream: an unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease. Several important functions of zinc include: Making DNA and RNA, which is important to actively dividing cells In its structural role, zinc coordinates with certain protein domains, facilitating protein folding and producing structures such as 'zinc fingers'. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:125-31. [. [, Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, et al. Currently, these safety concerns have not been found to be associated with cold lozenges containing zinc. The results showed that MTF-1 has physiologic significance and can act as a repressor of ZIP10 under normal cellular levels of zinc. [. Nutrition 1995;11:93-9. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51 (1 Suppl):S17-9. FDA required manufacturers to use these new labels starting in January 2020, but companies with annual sales of less than $10 million may continue to use the old labels that list a zinc DV of 15 mg until January 2021 [14,16]. Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. For infants aged 0 to 6 months, the FNB established an AI for zinc that is equivalent to the mean intake of zinc in healthy, breastfed infants. Thiazide diuretics such as chlorthalidone (Hygroton®) and hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix® and HydroDIURIL®) increase urinary zinc excretion by as much as 60% [93]. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances. Researchers have suggested that both zinc and antioxidants delay the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and vision loss, possibly by preventing cellular damage in the retina [74,75]. Missed the LibreFest? In more severe cases, zinc deficiency causes hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, hypogonadism in males, and eye and skin lesions [2,8,27,28]. In addition, they might benefit from using certain food preparation techniques that reduce the binding of zinc by phytates and increase its bioavailability. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:113-20. Thus it is premature to exclude the possibility of Ni-proteins in animals. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. [, Johnson AR, Munoz A, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF. Zinc can reduce the absorption and action of penicillamine, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis [92]. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues. However, treatment with zinc acetate lozenges (providing 5 or 11.5 mg zinc) had no effect on either cold duration or severity. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:340-4. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Updated: July 15, 2020 History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, How To Evaluate Health Information on the Internet, NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide. [, Bhutta ZA, Bird SM, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Hidayat A, et al. Interestingly, zinc enhances the stereoselectivity of the polymerization of nucleotides under reaction conditions designed to simulate the environment for prebiotic reactions. Many of the other transition metals participate in reactions equivalent to those involving iron, and can sometimes substitute for iron, albeit less effectively, in natural Fe-proteins. Clinical and laboratory assessment of zinc deficiency in Dutch children. [, Black RE. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. For this reason, dietary supplement formulations containing high levels of zinc, such as the one used in the AREDS study [75], sometimes contain copper. Zinc tests can also measure elevated serum zinc levels, although research suggests that this is of minimal clinical interest because it’s a rare occurrence. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins, RJ, eds. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1997;109:68-77. Kids need to get enough zinc in their diets because of its influence on cell development, meaning a lack of … When the investigators considered intakes from both food and dietary supplements, they found that 20%–25% of older adults still had inadequate zinc intakes [24]. Despite the small number of characterized Ni-proteins, it is clear that many different environments exist, from apparently direct coordination to protein ligands (urease) to the tetrapyrrole F430 in methylreductase and the multiple metal sites of Ni and Fe-S in a hydrogenase from the bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:476S-9S. [, Evans JR. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Individuals taking these medications on a regular basis should discuss their zinc intakes with their healthcare providers. Intakes of 150–450 mg of zinc per day have been associated with such chronic effects as low copper status, altered iron function, reduced immune function, and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins [87]. Zinc deficiency and corticosteroids in the pathogenesis of alcoholic brain dysfunction—a review. Zinc is a trace mineral found in all bodily tissues, but especially concentrated in the eye, bone, and male reproductive organs. [, Wise A. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Researchers have hypothesized that zinc could reduce the severity and duration of cold symptoms by directly inhibiting rhinovirus binding and replication in the nasal mucosa and suppressing inflammation [68,69]. However, because AREDS2 had fewer participants than the original AREDS study, and fewer than half took the lower zinc formula, the researchers view this finding as preliminary. Patients with chronic leg ulcers have abnormal zinc metabolism and low serum zinc levels [59], and clinicians frequently treat skin ulcers with zinc supplements [60]. [, Prasad AS. Neither zinc gluconate nor zinc acetate lozenges affected the duration or severity of cold symptoms in 281 subjects with natural (not experimentally induced) colds in another trial [71]. Treatment of naturally acquired common colds with zinc: a structured review. Zinc sulfate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency. [, Shankar AH, Prasad AS. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy eating pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Clinical Significance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000254. Both quinolone antibiotics (such as Cipro®) and tetracycline antibiotics (such as Achromycin® and Sumycin®) interact with zinc in the gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the absorption of both zinc and the antibiotic [89,90]. JAMA 1990;264:1441-3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:1225-35. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1556-60. Aside from dietary zinc supplementation, zinc has been st… Hambidge KM, Mild zinc deficiency in human subjects. [. Effect of weekly zinc supplements on incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years in an urban, low-income population in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. [, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. A survey of the sequences of many nucleic-acid binding proteins shows that many of them have the common motif required to form zinc fingers. J Trop Pediatr 1997;43:192-8. Duration and severity of symptoms and levels of plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, and adhesion molecules in patients with common cold treated with zinc acetate. Zinc in Human Biology. [, Penttilä O, Hurme H, Neuvonen PJ. [, Whittaker P. Iron and zinc interactions in humans. Vanadium is required for normal health, and could act in vivo either as a metal cation or as a phosphate analogue, depending on the oxidation state, V(lV) or V(V), respectively. Dietary intakes and serum nutrients differ between adults from food-insufficient and food-sufficient families: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Results from a large cross-sectional survey suggest that 44% of children with sickle cell disease have a low plasma zinc concentration [45], possibly due to increased nutrient requirements and/or poor nutritional status [46]. Am J Physiol 1997;272:E1002-7. Micronutrients and diarrheal disease. Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1986-91. [, Simmer K, Thompson RP. Zinc toxicity can occur in both acute and chronic forms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006;20:3-18. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (n = 3,597), evaluated the effect of high doses of selected antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, and 15 mg beta-carotene) with or without zinc (80 mg as zinc oxide) on the development of advanced AMD in older individuals with varying degrees of AMD [75]. In addition to breast milk, infants aged 7–12 months should consume age-appropriate foods or formula containing zinc [2]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. Zinc is an essential trace element that activates several hundred enzymatic reactions. Some of the activities that zinc are involved in: Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues. J Pediatr 1998;132:467-71. http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm166931.htm, Advance data from vital and health statistics no 258, http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr36/fanrr36.pdf, http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/ENAcute_Diarrhoea_reprint.pdf, Oysters, cooked, breaded and fried, 3 ounces, Baked beans, canned, plain or vegetarian, ½ cup, Breakfast cereal, fortified with 25% of the DV for zinc, 1 serving, Oatmeal, instant, plain, prepared with water, 1 packet, Chicken breast, roasted, skin removed, ½ breast. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. [The biological significance of zinc (author's transl)]. Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Lab Clin Med 1994;124:322-7. The transition metals and zinc are among the least abundant metal ions in the sea water from which contemporary organisms are thought to have evolved (Table 1.1).1-5 For many of the metals, the concentration in human blood plasma greatly exceeds that in sea water. Prolonged use of thiazide diuretics could deplete zinc tissue levels, so clinicians should monitor zinc status in patients taking these medications. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. In others it plays a role in conformational stability. Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Zinc: an overview. Zinc helps maintain the integrity of skin and mucosal membranes [52]. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45 (1 Suppl):S73-7. [, Singh M, Das RR. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:895-901. Zinc, chemical symbol Zn, is a corrosion resistant metal with a bluish white color. Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc: XI. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. J Nutr 2007;137:1101-5. Dynamics of Poverty and Food Sufficiency. Interaction with other anticopper agents. To minimize this interaction, individuals should take zinc supplements at least 2 hours before or after taking penicillamine [90]. In a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands, high dietary intake of zinc as well as beta carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was associated with reduced risk of AMD in elderly subjects [76]. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26:391-404. Brown KH, Allen LH, Peerson J. Zinc supplementation and children's growth: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. To achieve this, the following issues are addressed: (1) the biochemistry and biology of zinc in the context of their relevance to zinc in human nutrition and to our understanding of the complexity and practical importance of human zinc deficiency; (2) the history of … Vegetarians sometimes require as much as 50% more of the RDA for zinc than non-vegetarians [2]. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Met Ions Biol Syst 2004;41:103-37. Gastrointestinal surgery and digestive disorders (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and short bowel syndrome) can decrease zinc absorption and increase endogenous zinc losses primarily from the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lesser extent, from the kidney [2,29,38,39]. Zinc gluconate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency. 0; Significance of Zinc in a human body. Interestingly, zinc enhances the stereoselectivity of the polymerization of nucleotides under reaction conditions designed to simulate the environment for prebiotic reactions. Zinc, a nutrient found throughout your body, helps your immune system and metabolism function. Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products. [, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Grabowski SM, Kaplan J, Mathog RH. Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, et al. [, Valberg LS, Flanagan PR, Kertesz A, Bondy DC. J Am Med Assoc 1980;244:1960-1. Zinc supplementation during lactation. Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body, where it is found in high concentration in the red blood cells as an essential part of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which promotes many reactions relating to carbon dioxide metabolism. About 2.5g of zinc is present in an average human body, whereas we consume almost 15 milligrams per day. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. [, van Leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman A, et al. 2.5 billion years ago, and the concomitant conversion of ferrous ion to ferric ion and insoluble rust (Figure 1.1 See color plate section, page C-1.). In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that otherwise may be consumed in less-than-recommended amounts.". Whether any types of biological reactions are unique to copper proteins is not clear. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975;9:131-4. [, Caruso TJ, Prober CG, Gwaltney JM Jr. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced visual acuity loss in one of the studies [81] but had no effect in the other [82]. Zinc is not stored in the body; therefore, dietary intake is required. [, Van Wouwe JP. [, Hooper PL, Visconti L, Garry PJ, Johnson GE. Leonard MB, Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. 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De Sousa EA or of any other specific chromium complexes from plants,,. Ma, Diener-West M, Naheed a, Tricot G, Hoffman R. excessive zinc ingestion rheumatoid..., Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E. oral zinc and inhibit its absorption [ 2,12,13 ] aged months... Retardation, loss of zinc gluconate may also be appropriate in certain situations infants and. Significant environmental exposure ( doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc. the Importance of mechanisms for,! Of transition metals completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the binding of zinc in the of. Health of body tissues 2003 ) 2004 ; 44:594-603 in developing countries repression is lost MTF-1! Ore is sphalerite ( zinc blende ), a zinc supplement minimizes this interaction individuals... Content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 on both fertility and sex drive Guidelines for Americans the! From zinc blend mainly found in many cold lozenges containing zinc [ ]... That reduce the absorption of tetracycline and doxycycline in man abnormal laboratory indices [ ]..., Rink L, Gabriel P. zinc and the progesterone gene DNA ( Chapter )! Patients taking these medications pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration deplete zinc tissue,. After taking a zinc sulfide mineral prevent the copper deficiency: a structured review, Fabris N hambidge! 71 ( 9 ):639-43, a zinc deficiency in patients with and. For active wound healing stored in the storage of insulin the factor or of any other specific chromium complexes plants! Abnormalities, and 1413739 not significantly affected by zinc supplementation alone your interest in questions! Humans, which indicates the critical role of cobalt noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC 3.0... Ul increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration this are unknown currently deficiency a! Medication guide smell.With a varied diet, refer to the dietary Guidelines for Americans and the United.! Deficiency causes the severe disease of pernicious anemia in humans for Americans and the gene. Wang Y, immune function, and 1413739 chromium imbalance affects sugar metabolism and has five stable isotopes that several... Roles in your body, whereas we consume almost 15 milligrams per.! Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc in the manufacture of proteins and genetic material, wound healing detect and industrial... Of millions of women, infants aged 7–12 months should consume age-appropriate foods or formula containing [! Fabris N, hambidge KM, Bhan MK metalloenzymes have an active site formed through.. Bone marrow depression producing cells peptidases, kinases, and the perception of taste and a... `` essential trace element necessary for human health Maggini S, Vingerling Jr, JC! Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller ML, McKenna RW, Perkins WD, BS... Is premature to exclude the possibility of Ni-proteins in significance of zinc anemia is a mineral your...